Monat: Oktober 2020

Russia,^[c] or the Russian Federation,^[14][d] is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the south. Russia covers over 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), spanning more than one-eighth of the Earth’s inhabited land area, stretching eleven time zones, and bordering 16 sovereign nations. Moscow is the country’s capital and largest city, other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk and Samara.

Russia is the largest country in the world, the ninth-most populous country, as well as the most populous country in Europe. The country is one of the world’s most sparsely populated and urbanized. About half of the country’s total area is forested, concentrating around four-fifths of its total population of over 146.7 million on its smaller and dense western portion, as opposed to its larger and sparse eastern portion. Russia is administratively divided into 85 federal subjects. The Moscow Metropolitan Area is the largest metropolitan area in Europe, and among the largest in the world, with more than 20 million residents.

The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group that make up over half the population of Iran.^[2][3] They share a common cultural system and are native speakers of the Persian language,^[4][5][6] as well as languages closely related to Persian.^[7]

The ancient Persians were originally an ancient Iranian people who migrated to the region of Persis, corresponding to the modern province of Fars in southwestern Iran, by the ninth century BC.^[8][9] Together with their compatriot allies, they established and ruled some of the world’s most powerful empires,^[10][9] well-recognized for their massive cultural, political, and social influence covering much of the territory and population of the ancient world.^[11][12][13] Throughout history, Persians have contributed greatly to art and science.^[14][15][16] Persian literature is one of the world’s most prominent literary traditions.^[17]

In contemporary terminology, people of Persian heritage native specifically to present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan are referred to as Tajiks, whereas those in the Caucasus (primarily in the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian federal subject of Dagestan), albeit heavily assimilated, are referred to as Tats.^[18][19] However, historically, the terms Tajik and Tat were used as synonymous and interchangeable with Persian.^[18] Many influential Persian figures hailed from outside Iran’s present-day borders to the northeast in Central Asia and Afghanistan and to a lesser extent to the northwest in the Caucasus proper.^[20][21] In historical contexts, especially in English, „Persians“ may be defined more loosely to cover all subjects of the ancient Persian polities, regardless of ethnic background.

The Neo-Assyrian Empire (Assyrian cuneiform:  mat Aš-šur ^KI, „Country of the city of god Aššur„; also phonetically  mat Aš-šur)^[a] was an Iron Age Mesopotamian empire, in existence between 911 and 609 BC,^[10][11][12] and became the largest empire of the world up until that time.^{[13][unreliable source?]} The Assyrians perfected early techniques of imperial rule, many of which became standard in later empires.^[14] The Assyrians were the first to be armed with iron weapons, and their troops employed advanced, effective military tactics.^[15]

Following the conquests of Adad-nirari II in the late 10th century BC, Assyria emerged as the most powerful state in the world at the time, coming to dominate the Ancient Near East, East Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Caucasus, and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa, eclipsing and conquering rivals such as Babylonia, Elam, Persia, Urartu, Lydia, the Medes, Phrygians, Cimmerians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Canaan, the Kushite Empire, the Arabs, and Egypt.

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic) and the Bronze Age. The concept has been mostly applied to Europe and the Ancient Near East, and, by analogy, also to other parts of the Old World.

The duration of the Iron Age varies depending on the region under consideration. It is defined by archaeological convention, and the mere presence of some cast or wrought iron is not sufficient to represent an Iron Age culture; rather, the „Iron Age“ begins locally when the production of iron or steel has been brought to the point where iron tools and weapons superior to their bronze equivalents become widespread.^[1] For example, Tutankhamun’s meteoric iron dagger comes from the Bronze Age. In the Ancient Near East, this transition takes place in the wake of the so-called Bronze Age collapse, in the 12th century BC. The technology soon spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin region and to South Asia. Its further spread to Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central Europe is somewhat delayed, and Northern Europe is reached still later, by about 500 BC.

Ancient history (*) as a term refers to the aggregate of past events^[1] from the beginning of writing and recorded human history and extending as far as post-classical history. The phrase may be used either to refer to the period of time or the academic discipline.

The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian cuneiform script, with the oldest coherent texts from about 2600 BC.^[2] Ancient history covers all continents inhabited by humans in the period 3000 BC – AD 500.

The broad term „ancient history“ is not to be confused with „classical antiquity“. The term classical antiquity is often used to refer to Western history in the Ancient Mediterranean from the beginning of recorded Greek history in 776 BC (first Olympiad). This roughly coincides with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC, the beginning of the history of ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Archaic period in Ancient Greece.

The academic term „history“ is not to be confused with colloquial references to times past. History is fundamentally the study of the past, and can be either scientific (archaeology) or humanistic (history through language).

Dogs in warfare have a very long history starting in ancient times. From being trained in combat, to their use as scouts, sentries, and trackers, their uses have been varied and some continue to exist in modern military usage.

The dog (Canis familiaris when considered a distinct species or Canis lupus familiaris when considered a subspecies of the wolf)^[5] is a domesticatedcarnivore of the familyCanidae. It is part of the wolf-like canids,^[6] and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} The dog and the extantgray wolf are sister taxa as modern wolves are not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated,^[12][13][14] which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct.^[15] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,^[14][16] and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.^[17]

Das Origami ([oʀiˈɡaːmi], anhören^?/i) (jap. 折り紙 [ˈoriˌɡami] anhören^?/i;^[1] von oru für „falten“ und kami für „Papier“) ist die Kunst des Papierfaltens. Ausgehend von einem zumeist quadratischen Blatt Papier entstehen durch Falten zwei- oder dreidimensionale Objekte wie z. B. Tiere, Papierflieger, Gegenstände und geometrische Körper.

Das Sonnensystem ist das Planetensystem, das die Sonne, die sie umkreisenden Planeten (siehe Liste der Planeten des Sonnensystems) und deren natürliche Satelliten, die Zwergplaneten und andere Kleinkörper wie Kometen, Asteroiden und Meteoroiden sowie die Gesamtheit aller Gas– und Staubteilchen, die durch die Anziehungskraft der Sonne an diese gebunden sind, umfasst.