Month: oktober 2020

Izraz planet je starodaven in je povezan z zgodovino, astrologijo, znanostjo, mitologijo in religijo. Poleg same Zemlje je s prostim očesom pogosto vidnih tudi pet planetov v Osončju. Mnoge zgodnje kulture so jih imele za božanske ali kot odposlance božanstev. Z napredovanjem znanstvenih spoznanj se je človeško dojemanje planetov spremenilo in vključilo številne različne predmete. Leta 2006 je Mednarodna astronomska zveza (IAU) uradno sprejela resolucijo, ki opredeljuje planete v Osončju. Ta opredelitev je sporna, ker izključuje številne predmete planetarne mase glede na to, kje ali kaj krožijo. Čeprav osem planetarnih teles, odkritih pred letom 1950, po sedanji definiciji ostajajo “planeti”, nekatera nebesna telesa, kot so Ceres, Pallas, Junona in Vesta (vsaka je objekt v pasu sončnih asteroidov) in Pluton (prva transneptunska predmet odkrit), ki jih je znanstvena skupnost nekoč štela za planete, po sedanji definiciji planeta niso več videti kot planeti.

Izraz planet je starodaven in je povezan z zgodovino, astrologijo, znanostjo, mitologijo in religijo. Poleg same Zemlje je s prostim očesom pogosto vidnih tudi pet planetov v Osončju. Mnoge zgodnje kulture so jih imele za božanske ali kot odposlance božanstev. Z napredovanjem znanstvenih spoznanj se je človeško dojemanje planetov spremenilo in vključilo številne različne predmete. Leta 2006 je Mednarodna astronomska zveza (IAU) uradno sprejela resolucijo, ki opredeljuje planete v Osončju. Ta opredelitev je sporna, ker izključuje številne predmete planetarne mase glede na to, kje ali kaj krožijo. Čeprav osem planetarnih teles, odkritih pred letom 1950, po sedanji definiciji ostajajo “planeti”, nekatera nebesna telesa, kot so Ceres, Pallas, Junona in Vesta (vsaka je objekt v pasu sončnih asteroidov) in Pluton (prva transneptunska predmet odkrit), ki jih je znanstvena skupnost nekoč štela za planete, po sedanji definiciji planeta niso več videti kot planeti.

Izraz planet je starodaven in je povezan z zgodovino, astrologijo, znanostjo, mitologijo in religijo. Poleg same Zemlje je s prostim očesom pogosto vidnih tudi pet planetov v Osončju. Mnoge zgodnje kulture so jih imele za božanske ali kot odposlance božanstev. Z napredovanjem znanstvenih spoznanj se je človeško dojemanje planetov spremenilo in vključilo številne različne predmete. Leta 2006 je Mednarodna astronomska zveza (IAU) uradno sprejela resolucijo, ki opredeljuje planete v Osončju. Ta opredelitev je sporna, ker izključuje številne predmete planetarne mase glede na to, kje ali kaj krožijo. Čeprav osem planetarnih teles, odkritih pred letom 1950, po sedanji definiciji ostajajo “planeti”, nekatera nebesna telesa, kot so Ceres, Pallas, Junona in Vesta (vsaka je objekt v pasu sončnih asteroidov) in Pluton (prva transneptunska predmet odkrit), ki jih je znanstvena skupnost nekoč štela za planete, po sedanji definiciji planeta niso več videti kot planeti.

Venera je druga po udaljenosti planeta od Sunca. Venera je udaljena 0,72 AU ili 108.200.000 km od Sunca, ima prečnik 12.103,60 km i masu 4,869×10²⁴ kg. Venera je treće tijelo po sjajnosti na nebu, poslije Sunca i Mjeseca ^[1]

Venera je dobila ime prema rimskoj boginji ljepote. Grci su je zvali Afrodita, te Eozfor (Eosphorus) za jutarnju pojavu i Hesper (Hesperus) za večernju. U našim krajevima poznata je i pod imenom zvijezda Danica ili jutarnja zvijezda, jer je vidljiva prije izlaska Sunca na istočnom nebu i odmah nakon zalaska Sunca na zapadnom nebu.

New York City (NYC), often called simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2019 population of 8,336,817 distributed over about 302.6 square miles (784 km²), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States.^[11] Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass.^[12] With almost 20 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and approximately 23 million in its combined statistical area, it is one of the world’s most populous megacities. New York City has been described as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, significantly influencing commerce,^[13] entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations,^[14] New York is an important center for international diplomacy.^[15][16]

Situated on one of the world’s largest natural harbors, New York City is composed of five boroughs, each of which is a county of the State of New York. The five boroughs—Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898.^[17] The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York,^[18] making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States,^[19] the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world as of 2016.^[20][21] As of 2019, the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $2.0 trillion. If the New York metropolitan area were a sovereign state, it would have the eighth-largest economy in the world. New York is home to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world.

In May 1513, the PortugueseexplorerJorge Álvares arrived at an island near the coast of China they called “Tamão“.^[4] This was the first contact of Europeans with China via the sea route around the Cape of Good Hope.^[5] Tamão was fortified by Simão de Andrade and reclaimed by the Chinese during the expulsion of the Portuguese in the 1520s.^[6] Western scholarship, following J. M. Braga, generally contends that this “Tamão” is Nei Lingding, the main island in the mouth of the Pearl River, 6 km off the coast of the mainland. Recent Chinese scholarship finds this identification to be insufficiently proven, however, and suggests a number of other potential islands including the nearby and far larger Lantau Island

n May 1513, Álvares sailed under the Portuguese Malacca captain Rui de Brito Patalim in a junk from Pegu. The expedition was accompanied by five other junks. Álvares himself was accompanied by two other Portuguese mariners.^[1]

Álvares made first contact on Chinese soil on an island near the historic city of Guangzhou in southern China in May 1513.^[2] The location of the island, which the Portuguese called Tamão, is not exactly known except that it is in the Pearl River Delta, and scholarship has suggested islands such as Lantau Island and Lintin Island as potential candidates. Upon landing on Tamão, Álvares raised a padrão from the king of Portugal.^[1] Based on information from their captain, they hoped to find trade. Soon after this, Afonso de Albuquerque, the Viceroy of the Estado da Índia dispatched Rafael Perestrello—a cousin of Christopher Columbus^[3]—to seek trade relations with the Chinese. In a ship from Malacca, Rafael Perestrello landed on the southern shores of Guangdong later that year in 1513.^[3]

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth‘s oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by the continents of Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.

At 165,250,000 square kilometers (63,800,000 square miles) in area (as defined with an Antarctic southern border), this largest division of the World Ocean—and, in turn, the hydrosphere—covers about 46% of Earth’s water surface and about 32% of its total surface area, making it larger than all of Earth’s land area combined.^[1] The centers of both the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean. Ocean circulation ( caused by the Coriolis effect ) subdivides it into two largely independent volumes of water, which meet at the equator: the North(ern) Pacific Ocean and South(ern) Pacific Ocean. The Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific.^[2]

Russia,^[c] or the Russian Federation,^[14][d] is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the south. Russia covers over 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), spanning more than one-eighth of the Earth’s inhabited land area, stretching eleven time zones, and bordering 16 sovereign nations. Moscow is the country’s capital and largest city, other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk and Samara.

Russia is the largest country in the world, the ninth-most populous country, as well as the most populous country in Europe. The country is one of the world’s most sparsely populated and urbanized. About half of the country’s total area is forested, concentrating around four-fifths of its total population of over 146.7 million on its smaller and dense western portion, as opposed to its larger and sparse eastern portion. Russia is administratively divided into 85 federal subjects. The Moscow Metropolitan Area is the largest metropolitan area in Europe, and among the largest in the world, with more than 20 million residents.